CSDP missions and operations. Budget, personnel, command… the point
(B2) More than fifteen CSDP missions and operations are today deployed on three continents: Europe, Middle East, Africa. What objective? How many staff? For what budget? Who is their leader? Point...
This synthetic point aims to give an overview of CSDP missions, and similar ones, in a few lines. This is an original work done by B2. Because, quite paradoxically, there is no official census carried out by the services of the European Union. We have therefore gone around the missions and operations to have as exact a view as possible, which is not obvious, because both the personnel figures and the budget are on very different bases and cannot give rise to comparisons. than relative.
16 to 18 missions and operations, civil and military
Six missions and operations are of a military nature (♦): three of the local army training type (EUTM), two of a maritime nature (EUNAVFOR) against piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off Somalia (Atalanta ) and against trafficking in the Mediterranean (Sophia), only one responds to a stabilization operation.
Ten missions are of a civilian nature, mainly oriented towards the reinforcement of internal security forces (EUCAP or EUPOL or EUBAM) or advice at the strategic level (EUAM); only one is observation of a ceasefire agreement (EUMM). Two of these missions are due to end at the end of their mandate, by 2020: EULEX Kosovo and EUPOL Copps. One is suspended: EUNAVFOR Med / Sophia.
To these must be added a purely judicial mission, but derived from a CSDP mission and financed from the CFSP budget — the Kosovo Specialized Chambers — and a European Commission mission which meets the same objectives and motivations, but is operated by different means (EUBAM Moldova).
Nearly 6000 people mobilized
In all, these missions and operations bring together around 5500 people, according to our count: a little over 2200 in civilian missions, around 3300 in military missions/operations. The workforce varies enormously according to the recruitments (civilian missions) and the periods, especially in the military operations: a ship more or less, it is immediately a variation of 200 to 300 people.
A total cost of 900 million euros
The cost of these missions amounts, according to B2's estimate, to 900 million euros, borne in part by the Community budget and by the Member States. To arrive at this figure, we first take into account the budget allocated to civilian missions, in all €316 million, recalculated on an annual basis, — financed largely by the ordinary Community budget —, and the €75 million common costs of military missions/operations — financed by an extraordinary budget managed by the Athena mechanism. The total cost of civilian missions is rather around EUR 350-400 million, with Member States bearing 10-20% of the costs according to our estimate (1), while the total cost of military missions/operations amounts to around EUR 500 million. euros (2).
A fairly balanced distribution of commands
The distribution of mission/operation head nationalities appears rather balanced, with fifteen nationalities represented in the mission and operation heads. In detail, small bonus to the Italians and Germans who lead three operations. The British order two operations (but not for long, Brexit obliges). A Frenchman is in command only, for one mission (two by March), the same for the Spaniards.
If we take into account the geographical areas from which the heads of mission or operation come, seven missions/operations are led by officials from southern countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal), six by central (Germany, France, Belgium, Austria), four by Northern countries (Denmark, Finland, United Kingdom) and four by Eastern countries (Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania).
- NB: the total (21) is slightly higher than the number of missions/operations, as it also includes the operation commander for military operations. We do not take into account in this inventory the nationality of the command at the strategic level of the military missions (the Finn Esa Pulkkinen) and of the civil missions (the Italian Vincenzo Coppola). It can be noted that a third country occupies a strategic position, an American being placed as a prosecutor in the specialized Chambers of Kosovo.
Balkan Europe
♦ EUFOR Althea (stabilization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, following the 1995 Dayton agreements): about 600 people, budget: 10,3 million € (common costs, annual). 14 participating Member States + 5 third countries (Albania, Chile, Macedonia Fyrom, Switzerland, Turkey). HQ: Sarajevo. Operation Commander: General James Everard (NATO SHAPE) (3). Force Commander: General Martin Dorfer (Austria).
EULEX Kosovo (Rule of law): 675 people, budget: €83,55 million for two years (June 2018 - June 2020). 25 participating Member States and 2 third countries (Switzerland, United States). HQ: Pristina. Head of Mission: Alexandra Papadopoulou (Greece).
Specialized Chambers of Kosovo KSC (justice) (4): 150 people, budget: €86,25 million for two years (June 2018 - June 2020). 23 participating Member States and 5 third countries (Canada, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, United States). HQ: The Hague (Netherlands). Chair: Ekaterina Trendafilova (Bulgaria). Attorney General : Jack smith (United States). Site
Caucasus Central Asia
EUMM Georgia (observation of the 2008 agreements known as Medvedev-Sarkozy): 319 people (around 210 international experts + around 38,2 local staff), budget: €2018 million for two years (December 2020 - December 26). 3 participating Member States. HQ: Tbilisi (+ XNUMX Field office in Gori, Mtskheta, Zugdidi). Head of Mission: Erik Høeg (Denmark).
EUAM Ukraine (advice to internal security forces - police and rule of law): 300 people, budget: €33,84 million for 18 months (December 2017 - May 2019). 24 participating Member States and 1 third country (Canada). HQ: Kyiv (+ 3 Field Office in Kharkiv, Lviv and Odessa). Head of Mission: Kęstutis Lančinskas (Lithuania).
EUBAM Moldova Ukraine (advice and reinforcement of border surveillance capacities, around Transnistria): 45 people + 73 premises, budget: €15 million for three years (2017-2020). 11 participating Member States. HQ: Odessa + national post in Chisinau (+ 6 Field Office Odessa - Chornomorsk (port), Kuchurhan, Podilsk, Otaci, Chisinau and Basarabeasca). Head of Mission: Slawomir Pichor (Poland) (5)
Middle-East
EUPOL Copps - Palestine (strategic advice and police - justice training): 99 people, budget: €12,6 million for two years (July 2018 - June 2020). 20 participating Member States and 1 third country (Canada). HQ: Ramallah (West Bank). Head of mission: Kauko Aaltomaa (Finland)
EUBAM Rafah (border management advice): 18 people, budget: €2 million for two years (July 2018 - June 2020). 5 participating Member States. HQ: Tel Aviv (Israel). Head of mission: Günther Freisleben (Germany).
EUAM Iraq (police, justice and rule of law council): 43 people (increasing), budget: €64,8 million for 18 months (October 2018 - April 2020). 14 participating Member States. HQ: Baghdad. Head of mission: Markus Ritter (Germany).
Mediterranean Libya
EUBAM Libya (border management and security reform advice): 38 people, budget: €61,68 million for 18 months (January 2019 - June 2020). 15 participating Member States. HQ: Tunis + Tripoli (Libya). Head of Mission: Vincenzo Tagliaferri (Italy)
♦ EUNAVFOR Med / Sophia (Mediterranean anti-trafficking and training of the Libyan coast guard): about 1200 people, 3 to 4 boats, 2 to 4 planes. Budget: €1,1 million for three months (common costs, January - March 2018). 27 participating Member States, but only 6 with resources (Italy, Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Poland). HQ: Rome (Italy) (+ logistics base in Augsburg, aviation base at Sigonella). Operation Commander: Rear Admiral Enrico Credendino (Italy). Force Commander: Rear Admiral Stefano Turchetto (Italy)
Central Africa
♦ EUTM Central African Republic CAR (strategic advice, training and military training): 187 people, budget: €25,4 million for two years (common costs, Sept. 2018 - Sept. 2020). 8 participating Member States (Spain, France, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Sweden) + 3 third countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Serbia). HQ: Bangui (+ planned training center in Bouar). Operation Commander: General Esa Pulkkinen (MPCC). Head of Mission: General Hermínio Teodoro Maio (Portugal).
Sahel
♦ EUTM Mali (strategic advice, training and military training): 620 people, budget: €59,74 million for two years (common costs, May 2018 - May 2020). 22 Participating Member States and 5 third countries (Albania, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia) + 1 air contractor (South Africa). HQ: Bamako (+ training center in Koulikoro). Operation Commander: General Esa Pulkkinen (MPCC). Head of Mission: General Peter Mirow (Germany).
EUCAP Sahel Mali (strategic advice and capacity building for internal security): 188 people (134 people + 54 premises), budget: €28,45 million for one year (January 2018 - February 2019). 15 participating Member States and 1 third country (Serbia). HQ: Bamako. Head of mission: Philippe Rio (France).
EUCAP Sahel Niger (strategic advice and capacity building for internal security): 173 people (115 international and 58 local), budget: €63,4 million for two years (October 2018 - September 2020). 15 participating Member States. HQ: Niamey (+ post in Agadez). Head of mission: Frank Van der Mueren (Belgium).
Horn of africa
♦ EUNAVFOR Atalanta (anti-piracy off Somalia): about 600 people (1 to 3 ships and 1 or 2 patrol planes), budget: €11,7 million (joint costs, January 2019 - December 2020). 19 participating Member States + 2 third countries (Montenegro, Serbia), but only 3 or 4 provide means (ships and planes) on a regular basis (Italy, Spain, Germany and France on a partial basis), without forgetting the protection teams placed on board World Food Program vessels provided in turn by a country (Croatia, Lithuania, Montenegro or Serbia). HQ: Northwood (United Kingdom) (+ logistics and aviation base in Djibouti) (6). Operation Commander: Major General Charlie Stickland Obe (United Kingdom). Force Commander: Rear Admiral Alfonso Pérez de Nanclares y Pérez de Acevedo (Spain).
♦ EUTM Somalia (strategic advice, training and military training): 183 people + 15 premises, budget: €22,98 million for two years (common costs, January 2019 - December 2020). 8 participating Member States and 1 third country (Serbia). HQ: Mogadishu. Operation Commander: General Esa Pulkkinen (MPCC). Chief of Mission: Brigadier General Matteo Spreafico (Italy).
EUCAP Somalia (strategic advice and maritime security capacity building): 110 people, budget: €66,1 million for two years (January 2019 - December 2020). 17 participating Member States. HQ: Mogadishu. Head of Mission: Maria-Cristina Stepanescu (Romania).
(Nicolas Gros-Verheyde)
NB: the description of the objective of each mission is made by B2, sometimes detaching from the official language which is at times far from reality.
- The amount mentioned for a civilian mission represents a very large part of the costs; Participating States only bear the salaries of seconded personnel. A cost that can be estimated between 10 to 20%.
- What are called common costs represent only a small part of the cost of a military operation: between 10 to 15% according to estimates.
- Operation EUFOR Althea is the only one conducted under the Berlin Plus format (joint NATO-EU command). General Everard will be replaced, before the end of March 2019, by French General Olivier Rittimann (read: Brexit obliges, the command of the EUFOR Althea operation will pass to a Frenchman)
- The jurisdictional function was previously part of EULEX Kosovo. She was detached from it and the institution placed in the Netherlands, outside Kosovo, following the Council of Europe's report on organ trafficking and to avoid pressure on judges or the 'neutralization' of additional witnesses. .
- This mission is not strictly carried out under the CSDP, even if its objectives and means are similar. Its budget does not depend on the CFSP, but on the Commission's neighborhood instrument. It is nevertheless on the list of missions-operations of the European External Action Service (EEAS).
- Due to Brexit, the HQ will be transferred to Rota (Spain) and Brest (France), under Spanish command.
Updated: correction on the name of the head of EUTM Somalia, on the number of participating countries and the number of staff of EUTM Mali